Study of the relationship between motivation towards physical activity and its relationship with anxiety and self-concept in the educational settiStudy of the relationship between motivation towards Study of activity and its relationg. A systematic review

Ansiedad y Estrés, (2023), 29(1), 34-44
https://doi.org/10.5093/anyes2023a5
https://www.ansiedadyestres.es
Bibliography reference

Study of the relationship between motivation towards physical activity and its relationship with anxiety and self-concept in the educational setting. A systematic review

 

INFO ARTICLE

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Received 20 April 2022
Accepted 7 December 2022
Available online 19 January 2023

 

ABSTRACT

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Motivation is one of the most studied elements in sport psychology due to its great potential to explain the attitude towards sport practice. Therefore, the present systematic review aims to analyse the effects of sport-oriented motivation on physical activity, anxiety and self-concept. The Web of Science and SCOPUS databases were used to select articles published between 2012 and 2022. The criteria established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement were followed for the elaboration of the systematic review, with the final analysis sample comprising a total of 19 articles. Finally, the analysis of the data reveals that developing sport motivation from extrinsic or intrinsic values can help to decrease or increase anxiety levels. In addition, it is also observed that motivation developed through extrinsic values plays a key role in the abandonment of physical activity, due to the frustration and worsening of the mental image generated at a professional level when the proposed objectives are not achieved.

 

KEYWORDS

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Sport Motivation
Anxiety
Self-Concept
Education

Ansiedad y Estrés, (2023), 29(1), 34-44
https://doi.org/10.5093/anyes2023a5
https://www.ansiedadyestres.es
Bibliography reference

 

RESUMEN

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Actualmente, la motivación es uno de los elementos más estudiados en la psicología del deporte debido a su gran potencial para explicar la actitud hacia la práctica deportiva. Es por ello que la presente revisión sistemática presenta el objetivo de analizar los efectos de la motivación orientada hacia el deporte sobre la práctica de actividad física, la ansiedad y el autoconcepto. Para ello se han utilizado las bases de datos de Web of Science y SCOPUS eligiéndose los artículos publicados entre los años 2012 y 2022. Para la elaboración de la revisión sistemática se han seguido los criterios establecidos por la declaración de los Elementos de Información Preferidos para Revisiones Sistemáticas y Meta-Análisis (PRISMA), quedando la muestra final de análisis compuesta por un total de 19 artículos. Finalmente, el análisis de los datos revela que desarrollar una motivación deportiva desde valores extrínsecos o intrínsecos puede ayudar a disminuir o a aumentar los niveles de ansiedad. Además, también se observa como la motivación desarrollada a través de valores extrínsecos supone jugar un papel clave en el abandono de la práctica de actividad físico deportiva, debido a la frustración y empeoramiento de la imagen mental generada a nivel profesional cuando no se consiguen los objetivos propuestos.

 

PALABRAS CLAVE

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Motivación hacia el deporte
Ansiedad
Autoconcepto
Educación
 

 

INTRODUCTION

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Currently, there is a growing concern related to the practice of physical activity, as during adolescence there is a decrease in the practice of physical activity (Williams et al., 2022). The regular practice of physical exercise has a positive impact on several areas such as physical and psychological (San Román-Mata et al., 2020). Despite the various health benefits of an active lifestyle, during adolescence the time spent doing physical activity decreases, as young people opt for more sedentary activities (Aira et al., 2021). Furthermore, Kandola et al. (2020) state that this stage of development plays a key role in the acquisition of an active lifestyle in adulthood. Toussaint et al. (2021) conclude that the role of the physical education teacher is a favourable element for the creation of an active lifestyle, due to the motivation that he or she provides to the development of the physical education class.

Within the field of sport physics, motivation is one of the most studied due to its great impact to explain the attitude towards sport practice (González-Valero et al., 2017). Motivation represents the drive and energy that directs behavior toward a desired goal (Veiga et al., 2021; Vallerand., 1997). Motivation is not as a global construct instead of a multidimensional construct which includes different dimensions (Van den Broeck et al., 2021). The most widely used theory within the motivational field is the one proposed by Nicholls (1989), known as the Achievement Goal Theory. It proposes the concept of motivational climate, which can be defined as a set of indicators that people perceive in their environment and through which they define the failure or success of a given task (Ramírez-Granizo et al., 2020; Nicholls, 1989). The application of this theory to the field of sport implies the appearance of two motivational climates when it comes to guiding sporting practice (Goudas, 1998; Núñez et al., 2006). The first of these is the task climate, where the presence of intrinsic values such as personal satisfaction and fun acquires great importance, while in the second, known as the ego climate, extrinsic values acquire greater importance, promoting competition and social recognition (Castro-Sánchez et al., 2018). When sport practice is oriented towards the ego climate, there is an increase in disruptive states such as anxiety when the proposed objectives are not achieved (Castro-Sánchez et al., 2019; Papaioannou and Kouli, 1999).

Another of the most studied factors in the field of sport psychology is anxiety. This state is defined as a negative psycho-emotional state characterised by the manifestation of harmful states such as worry and nervousness, directly affecting the cognitive and somatic aspects (Pineda-Espejel et al., 2021). In this case Howell et al. (2021) claim that motivational climate can help to decrease disruptive states such as anxiety and stress. When motivation is oriented towards the task climate, a decrease in anxiety levels is achieved, due to the segregation of neurotransmitters and the presence of intrinsic factors, however when practice is oriented towards the ego climate, an increase in anxiety levels is produced, as participants focus on competition, where success is defined as overcoming rivals and demonstrating superior ability (Gómez-López et al., 2020). Mascret et al. (2021) state that when there is a continuous subjection to levels of anxiety, a distortion of the self-concept is produced, worsening the mental image that people have of themselves.

Self-concept has been defined in different ways, however, the most widely shared definition in the scientific field is the one proposed by Conde-Pipó et al. (2021), which states that this concept is the perception that people have of themselves when interacting with the environment around them. An important issue is whether the self is an unidimensional or a multidimensional construct (Marsh and Shavelson, 1985; Chen et al., 2020). On the one hand, from a unidimensional perspective, some models are based on the conceptualization of the self as a global evaluative component (Baumeister et al., 2003; Rosenberg 1979). On the other hand, others follow a multidimensional and hierarchical conceptualization such as the one proposed following Shavelson et al. (1976), with specific dimensions and a global one, so that the global component (self-esteem) integrates the specific components (self-concept).

Different theoretical dimensions (academic, social, emotional, family and physical) have been identified following a multidimensional approach (Chen et al., 2020; Garcia et al., 2018). Through empirical analyses, it has been identified that self-perception in five dimensions could be cross-cultural and occurs in subjects from Europe (Murgui et al., 2012; Tomas and Oliver, 2004) and Latin America (Garcia et al., 2011; García et al., 2018), the United States (Garcia et al., 2013) and, recently, China (Chen et al., 2020). The global or unidimensional approach (self-esteem) allows predicting important variations in adjustment and psychosocial competence, although to analyze more specific aspects of psychosocial functioning the multidimensional approach (i.e., self-concept) can offer more specific predictions (Chen et al., 2020; Garcia et al., 2018; Marsh and O'Mara, 2008). In this case, research conducted by Murgui et al. (2016) and Revuelta et al. (2016) point out that regular physical exercise brings benefits in all dimensions of self-concept, these being more noticeable in the physical self-concept. Likewise, the study carried out by Melguizo-Ibáñez et al. (2022) affirms that an adequate physical self-concept helps to increase motivation levels towards physical-sports practice and therefore to increase levels of physical activity. This helps to improve people's physical and mental health, as it has been shown that an active lifestyle reduces the levels of anxiety and stress generated in day-to-day life (Zataloudi and Christopoulos, 2021).

Taking into account all that has been developed, the following research questions are proposed: Does sport motivation influence the channelling and development of anxiety, and does sport motivation have a positive impact on all dimensions of self-concept? Does physical activity have benefits for emotional well-being? Can motivation act positively or negatively on an active lifestyle? In what language is most of the research written? Which country provides the most research on the subject under study?

Finally, this study aims to conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature analysing the effects of sport-oriented motivation on physical activity, anxiety and self-concept during the las ten years.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

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In order to follow the correct integrity and organisation of the present research, the criteria of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement were followed (Hutton et al., 2015; Hutton et al., 2016). The articles that have been selected to form the basis of the the study, have been coded by the authors of the study, in order to check the reliability of the of the study, in order to check the reliability of the coding. After comparison of the articles, a degree of agreement of 80% was reached. The percentage of the degree of was obtained by dividing the number of matches by the total number of number of matches by the total number of categories, finally multiplying it by 100.

Search procedure and strategies

The systematic review was conducted in February 2022 and focused on studies examining the influence of sport motivation on anxiety and self-concept. The Web of Science (WOS) and SCOPUS databases were used as the main search engines. The time range was delimited between 2012 and 2022. In this case, the search equation used was as described below: “Motivation*” and “Anxiety” and “Physical Activity” for both databases.

All research published in Spanish or English was considered, considering that both languages are the most widespread in the scientific field, which resulted in an initial sample of 408 studies for analysis belonging to the WOS database. In order to make the research topic even more specific, the following research areas were selected: "Sport Sciences", "Education & Educational Research", "Multidisciplinary Psychology" and "Psychology". After applying the aforementioned inclusion criteria, the WOS sample consisted of 80 articles. Subsequently, the following inclusion criteria were defined: a) To be a quantitative research article, b) longitudinal or cross-sectional research and c) that the sample was made up of students from any educational stage. 

The SCOPUS search with the introduction of the previously mentioned keywords yielded an initial search of 424. After the application of the subject area criteria, reduced to "Social Sciences" and "Psychology", the number was reduced to 117. A screening process was then initiated based on the type of document (articles only) and language (Spanish and English for the reasons already mentioned), which reduced the sample to 94 articles. In order to define the final study sample, the same inclusion criteria established for WOS were used to ensure consistency in the review.

The title and abstract of the sample were then read critically to confirm that the selected research met the inclusion criteria. The full texts of the research were then read to confirm that the articles met the objectives of this study. A total of 165 articles were eliminated due to mismatch in coding by the independent reviewers or because the studies did not meet the established methodological and conceptual criteria. This left a final sample of 19 scientific articles that made up the sample of the present study.

 

RESULTS

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Data from studies selected for the systematic review

For table 1, the following details were recorded: 1) Authors and year of publication; 2) Country; 3) Design; 4) Sample; 5) Gender of participants; 6) Population. In this case, most of the articles present a cross-sectional design (n = 13). Likewise, looking at the distribution of the sample according to country of origin, it can be seen that the country that contributes the most is the United States (n = 8), followed by Canada (n = 4) and Spain (n = 3). Focusing attention on the distribution according to educational stage, it can be seen that most of the research has been carried out at university level (n = 10), followed by secondary education (n = 8) and elementary education (n = 1). In terms of gender, it can be seen that in the majority of the selected articles the number of women (n = 13) is higher than the number of men. The total number of participants who took part in the selected studies totalled 5749. Finally, looking at the design of most of the research, it can be observed that most of them are cross-sectional (n = 14), followed by longitudinal research (n = 3) and concluding with randomised controlled intervention research (n = 2).

Table 3 shows the distribution of the articles analysed according to the target population. In this case, more than half of the studies are aimed at the university population (47.3%; n = 9). Subsequently, the educational stage with the most studies is secondary education (42.1%; n = 8). Finally, the least studies have been carried out in elementary education (10.6%; n = 2). 

Table 4 shows the distribution of the selected articles according to country of origin. In this case, it can be seen that most of the studies belong to the American continent (63.1%; n = 12). Next, Spain is the country that contributes the most research (15.8%; n = 3), followed by Australia (10.5%; n = 2), Germany (5.3%; n = 1) and Italy (5.3%; n = 1).

Data from the studies selected for the systematic review.

Table 5 shows the scientific evolution of the subject matter addressed over the last few years within the areas covered. In this case, it is observed that Scopus (n = 54) handles more articles than Web of Science (n = 36). There is also a growing trend in Scopus, although in Web of Science, the scientific production in the subject area in question remains stable. Furthermore, looking at the language, it can be seen that most of the articles are written in English (n = 73), with Spanish being relegated to only two articles. Looking at the total scientific production related to the variables addressed in this research, an increasing trend is observed, reaching the maximum peak of articles in the years 2017 and 2021 (n = 9). Focusing attention on the body of the study, it is observed that most of the articles analysed belong to the years 2014 (n = 3), 2016 (n = 3), reaching the maximum in 2021 (n = 4). 

 

DISCUSION

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The importance of sport-oriented motivation and its effects on physical and mental health has become a topic of great research interest. In this case, the present systematic review is composed of a total of 19 articles that address the variables defined above, so that the present discussion aims to compare the results obtained with those obtained in other research.

The studies analysed maintain that when the practice of physical activity is developed from an intrinsic motivation, anxiety levels are reduced. Motivation is supposed to play a key role in sport practice (Sutin et al., 2021; Vallerand et al., 1987). The researchers conducted by Wu et al. (2021) and Vallerand et al. (1987) affirm that when physical sport practice originates from an intrinsic motivation, values such as fun and enjoyment are brought into play. Also, when the practice originates intrinsically, disruptive states such as anxiety can be channelled, due to the release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine (Kubesch, 2002; Ubago-Jiménez et al., 2020). On the contrary, when the practice of physical activity originates from extrinsic values, factors such as competition and overcoming the opponent are put into practice (Castro-Sánchez et al., 2019). Chu et al. (2021) assert that failure to achieve goals fosters stress and anxiety levels (Iglesias-Martínez et al., 2021), as well as a negative change in people's self-image (Miller and Fry, 2018; Ramírez-Granizo et al., 2020).

Anxiety can be a detrimental element in the acquisition of an active and healthy lifestyle (Sutin et al., 2021). When an activity is developed through which disruptive states or emotions are fostered, participants develop a state of nervousness through which task performance can be negatively affected (Sánchez-Romero et al., 2022). In this case, the research carried out by Ong and Chua (2021) states that when sport practice is focused on professionalisation and sport performance, the practice of physical activity becomes an element that generates anxiety and stress due to the secretion of adrenaline as a defence mechanism against such stimulus. Research by Peng and Zhang (2021) states that when sports practice originates at the professional level, emotional exhaustion takes place, which leads to regular withdrawal from physical activity on a regular basis.

To prevent young people from creating sedentary lifestyles, the subject of physical education plays a key role (Pope et al., 2021). Adolescence is supposed to be a critical period for activity, however, during this stage of development there is a decrease in physical activity time and energy expenditure (Schmidt et al., 2020), especially in females (Wu et al., 2020). The research carried out by Trigueros et al. (2020) states that physical education teachers play a key role in the creation of an active lifestyle, since depending on the motivational climate towards which they guide the development of classes, they will manage to awaken the interest of students. To this end, Claver et al. (2020) affirm that physical education classes should be oriented towards the creation of a motivational climate that favours autonomous motivation towards the practice of physical sporting activity.

Despite the various benefits of physical activity, the abandonment of sport leads to a worsening of physical fitness and mental self-image (Pulido et al., 2021). The research reviewed above affirms that regular physical exercise has benefits for cardiovascular health, mental health and well-being. In view of these results, Sáez et al. (2020) affirm that self-concept is a key element in achieving well-being. Prathiba et al. (2021) argue that people with low body image acceptance reflect higher levels of anxiety and lower levels of regular physical activity. Moreover, the research by Marfil-Carmona et al. (2021) conceptualises that there is currently an increasing rise in body dissatisfaction due to the canons of beauty that the media and social networks transmit to young people, highlighting Pollina-Pocallet et al. (2021) the importance of teaching young people to be emotionally literate and to accept themselves as they are at an early age.

 

LIMITATIONS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

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Focusing attention on the limitations of the present research, the scope of the search should be highlighted as a limitation since only articles published in the last decade have been dealt with. Also, the time range of the search was an important limitation, as it was possible to exclude articles with a high impact at national and international level. It should also be noted that the articles analysed focus on a very specific and concrete sample, such as students at any educational stage. 

In terms of practical applications, the present systematic review examines the relationships between sport motivation, anxiety, physical self-concept and physical activity practice. At the same time, instruments and relationships between the variables described above are also collected. The results emphasise the importance of the physical education teacher, since working in the wrong way in this subject can lead to students developing a negative attitude towards it, damaging different areas of the individual. Finally, it is evident that the subject of education offers a multidisciplinary approach that can be used to offer a cross-cutting education where, through the practice of physical activity, a complete and integral education of the students can be worked on.

 

CONCLUSIONS

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The present systematic review shows how the motivation developed towards sports practice plays a key role in the channelling of anxiety and the creation of a positive mental image.

In this case most articles show how developing sport motivation from extrinsic or intrinsic values can help to decrease or increase anxiety levels. In addition, it is also observed that the motivation developed through extrinsic values plays a key role in the abandonment of physical activity due to the frustration and worsening of the mental image generated at a professional level when the proposed objectives are not achieved.

 

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